New transformation of Wigner operator in phase space quantum mechanics for the two-mode entangled case

As a natural extension of Fan's paper (arXiv: 0903.1769vl [quant-ph]) by employing the formula of operators' Weyl ordering expansion and the bipartite entangled state representation we find new two-fold complex integration transformation about the Wigner operator (in its entangled form) in phase space quantum mechanics and its inverse transformation. In this way, some operator ordering problems can be solved and the contents of phase space quantum mechanics can be enriched.Comment: 8 pages, 0 figure

How to communicate your brand on the web: Standardise or localise?

Do companies adopt standardised strategy in the web communication or do they localise in the different markets and cultures? This remains a global-local dilemma. This paper reports a study of 16 global brands. In total 711 websites were found and 135 were examined. Given the differences in culture, language and market conditions, the question is not about whether to adapt, but what and how to localise the communication while still maintaining brand consistency and benefiting from the global brand equity. Effective web communications in the foreign market requires the company to take cultural issues seriously and specially design the website to appeal to the local audience

Research on joint ventures in China: progress and prognosis

Previous published studies on international joint ventures (JVs) in China are reviewed and assessed by summarising important research patterns. A model of management of international JVs in China is developed which emphasises the central theme of cross-cultural management. Dimensions in research on international JVs in China and directions for future research are also discussed

The art of cross-cultural branding

This is a case study of global branding. It exmamines the key factors that affect the meaning of international brands in China. Global brand and local image is a paradox to be addressed. In the previous studies localising an international brand is largely viewed as a passive translation process. This study has shown that renaming can be a value-added process. It provides an opportunity to re-cast the brand in the new market, creating a unique global-local image that enhances the original’s brand equity

Key perspectives in nation image: a conceptual framework for nation branding

As an emerging area of research, nation branding is in urgent need for conceptual and theoretical development, and can benefit from the literature of organisation identity and organisation reputation. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for the analysis of nation image. Built upon the original framework by Brown et al (2006), the framework includes two models: six key perspectives in nation image and gap analysis of their relationships

The globalisation of Chinese brands

China has taken over Japan over the last decade to become the largest manufacturer and exporter of more than one hundred consumer products. However, China, as “the world factory”, has yet to create a single brand that is recognised worldwide. The recent acquisition of IBM’s PC business by China’s Lenovo may signal the beginning of the globalisation of Chinese brands. This paper considers the current brand revolution in China, focusing on the unique challenge faced by major Chinese enterprises: how to sustain their brands in domestic competition and how to expand in the global markets. The paper is divided into two parts: it first gives a brief review of the development of marketing and branding in China since the start of economic reform in 1978, and then discusses current issues in the domestic market: changes from price competition to brand competition, as well as diversification and the role of the government. The second part examines the routes to internationalisation taken by some of China’s biggest brands; differences in their entry modes and branding strategies are analysed

The rise of emerging market multinationals and its impact on marketing

The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the rise of emerging market multinationals (EMMs), with a special focus on its impact on marketing. Emerging market countries not only have millions newly affluent consumers and are also the home of a new generation of multinational companies. The rise of EMMs challenges the extant thinking in strategy and marketing, and creates both threats and opportunities for western firms. With unique character and behaviour, EMMs are different from both developed countries multinationals and Japanese and Korean firms. It is imperative to study EMMs in order to win the new competition

Competitor recognition by managerial perception -- a case in the UK computer industry

This paper presents a practical alternative to the clustering technique in strategic group analysis. Using managerial perception as the input, it studies the competitor recognition in the UK computer industry. An analytical framework and the concept of competitive matrix have been developed. Two hypotheses on perceived competition have also been tested. It is argued that firms formulate their competitive strategies on the basis of perceived competition rather than on the conventionally defined industry. The competitive grouping which combines the concept of strategic groups and market segmentation, provides a useful means to conduct such analysis

The national image of global brands

As the Chinese use characters based on ideograms, international brands have to choose a proper Chinese name for the market. This paper presents the findings from a detailed study of the Chinese names of 100 international brands along three dimensions: translation methods, cultural values and brand positioning. The main findings are: a) in choosing a new name the meaning is given more emphasis than its sound though it is still desirable to maintain phonetic links to the original; b) after linguistic issues, the three most important factors affecting renaming are: reflecting product benefits, brand positioning and cultural values. The translation gives an international brand not just a Chinese name, but also a distinctive local image; c) global brand and local image is a paradox to be addressed. In the previous studies localising an international brand is largely viewed as a passive translation process. This study has shown that renaming can be a value-added process. It provides an opportunity to re-cast the brand in the new market, creating a unique global-local image that enhances the original’s brand equity

Made in China

China has a long history in commerce and marketing. For many centuries, 'Made in China' was a high quality, prestige label imported exclusively for the royals and the rich. This paper traces the history of Made in China and reports current branding practice in the world’s largest market